Overview of common eye-tracking measures

A depiction of common eye-tracking measures (total reading time, first pass regression, first fixation duration, first pass reading time, go-past time, second pass reading time), as well as a single fixation, regression, saccade, and interest area. Please, cite this figure as:
Prysłopska, Anna (2021). Being Friendly is Difficult: Psycholinguistic Experiments on Agentivity in Copular Constructions. PhD thesis, University of Tübingen.

\documentclass[class=article]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{decorations.pathreplacing, positioning}
\definecolor{darkpurple}{RGB}{123,50,148} 

\begin{document}
\tikzset{every picture/.style={line width=1pt}} 
\tikzset{arrow/.style={line width=0.7pt}} 
\tikzset{circle/.style={draw, draw opacity=0, fill=darkpurple, fill opacity=0.2}}
\tikzset{numbers/.style={text=darkpurple, font=\scriptsize}}
\tikzset{annotation/.style={text=black, font=\small}}

\begin{tikzpicture}[x=0.75pt,y=0.75pt]
% BOX
\draw[draw=gray, rounded corners, dotted, line width=1pt, opacity=1] (-254,-50) rectangle ++(141,100);

% SENTENCE
\draw (-125,0) node  [font=\large] {\fontdimen2\font=7pt Sophia was being friendly to impress the in-laws.};

% CIRCLES
\draw  [circle] (-287,5) circle (.7em) node (1){};
\draw  [circle] (-227,10) circle (0.5em) node (2){};
\draw  [circle] (-140,5) circle (0.7em) node (3){};
\draw  [circle] (-174,0) circle (0.5em) node (4){};
\draw  [circle] (-265,-10) circle (0.5em) node (5){};
\draw  [circle] (-125,-22) circle (0.8em) node (6){};
\draw  [circle] (-80,0) circle (0.7em) node (7){};
\draw  [circle] (22,2) circle (0.9em) node (8){};
\draw  [circle] (-30,-15) circle (.5em) node (9){};

% TEXT 
\draw [numbers] node [above = 0 em of 1, anchor=south] {1};
\draw [numbers] node [above = -0.2em of 2, anchor=south] {2};
\draw [numbers] node [above = -0em of 3, anchor=south] {3};
\draw [numbers] node [below = -0.2em of 4, anchor=north] {4};
\draw [numbers] node [below = -0.2em of 5, anchor=north] {5};
\draw [numbers] node [below = 0.1em of 6, anchor=north] {6};
\draw [numbers] node [above = 0em of 7, anchor=south] {7};
\draw [numbers] node [above = .2em of 8, anchor=south] {8};
\draw [numbers] node [below = -0.2em of 9, anchor=north] {9};
\draw [annotation] node [below = 5 em of 7, anchor=south] (fixation) {\textcolor{gray}{fixation}\phantom{g}};
\draw [annotation] node [left = 0 em of fixation] (SPRT) {second pass};
\draw [annotation] node [left = 0 em of SPRT] (RPD) {go-past time};
\draw [annotation] node [right = 0.8em of fixation] (regression) {\textcolor{gray}{regression}};
\draw [annotation] node [above = 7.5em of SPRT, xshift=0.9em] (FPRT) {first pass};
\draw [annotation] node [left = 0em of FPRT] (FF) {first fixation\phantom{p}};
\draw [annotation] node [left = 0em of FF] (FPR) {first pass regression};
\draw [thick, decorate, decoration={brace,amplitude=10pt}, yshift=2.5em] (-254,40) -- (-113,40) node [black,midway,yshift=1.5em] (TRT) {\small total reading time};
\draw [annotation] node [right = 0 em of FPRT] (IA) {\textcolor{gray}{interest area}\phantom{p}};
\draw [annotation] node [right = -0.5 em of IA] (saccade) {\textcolor{gray}{saccade}\phantom{p}};

% LINES
\draw [color=darkpurple!50] (1.center) -- (2.center) node [midway] (A) {} ; 
\draw [color=darkpurple!50] (2.center) -- (3.center) ;
\draw [color=darkpurple!50] (3.center) -- (4.center) node [midway] (C) {} ;
\draw [color=darkpurple!50] (4.center) -- (5.center) node [midway] (D) {} ;
\draw [color=darkpurple!50] (5.center) -- (6.center) ;
\draw [color=darkpurple!50] (6.center) -- (7.center) ;
\draw [color=darkpurple!50] (7.center) -- (8.center) node [midway] (E) {}  ;
\draw [color=darkpurple!50] (8.center) -- (9.center) node [midway] (B) {}  ;

% ARROWS
\draw [->, draw=gray, arrow, shorten >=.4em] (fixation) -- (7.south);
\draw [->, draw=gray, arrow, shorten >=.7em] (saccade.south) -- (E.south);
\draw [->, draw=gray, arrow, shorten >=0em] (IA.south) -- (-113,50);
\draw [->, draw=gray, arrow, shorten >=.5em] (regression.north) -- (B.north) ;
\draw [->, arrow, shorten >=0em] (FPRT.south) -- (2);
\draw [->, arrow, shorten >=.6em] (FPRT.south) -- (3.east);
\draw [->, arrow, shorten >=1em] (SPRT.north) -- (6.east);
\draw [->, arrow, shorten >=.2em] (RPD.north) -- (2);
\draw [->, arrow, shorten >=.4em] (RPD.north) -- (3.south);
\draw [->, arrow, shorten >=.2em] (RPD.north) -- (4.south);
\draw [->, arrow, shorten >=.1em] (RPD.north) -- (5);
\draw [->, arrow, shorten >=.3em] (RPD.north) -- (6);
\draw [->, arrow, shorten >=.3em] (FF.south) -- (2.east);
\draw [->, arrow, shorten >=.3em] (FPR.south) -- (-244,-9);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

Eye-tracking trial structure

An outline of the procedure in a single eye-tracking trial. Please, cite this figure as:
Prysłopska, Anna (2021). Being Friendly is Difficult: Psycholinguistic Experiments on Agentivity in Copular Constructions. PhD thesis, University of Tübingen.

\documentclass[class=article]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{backgrounds, calc, positioning}

\begin{document}
\tikzset{block/.style={rectangle, rounded corners=2, draw, fill=gray, minimum width=6em, minimum height = 6em, align=center, font=\small\bfseries\sffamily, text=white}}
\begin{tikzpicture}[node distance = 1.5em, arrow/.style = {thick,-stealth}]
% Boxes
\node [block] (calibration) {
$\bullet$\hspace{1em}$\bullet$\hspace{1em}$\bullet$\\
$\bullet$\hspace{1em}$\bullet$\hspace{1em}$\bullet$\\
$\bullet$\hspace{1em}$\bullet$\hspace{1em}$\bullet$};
\draw ($(calibration.north)+(0,-0.85)$) node {\textcolor{white}{$\bullet$\hspace{1em}$\bullet$}};
\draw ($(calibration.south)+(0, 0.85)$) node {\textcolor{white}{$\bullet$\hspace{1em}$\bullet$}};
\node [block, right = of calibration] (point) {$\bullet$\hspace*{3em}\\};
\node [block, right = 1em of point] (sentence) {Sentence\\ \hfill$\bullet$};
\node [block, right = 1em of sentence] (question) {Question\\ A \hfill B};
\node [block, right = 1em of question] (next) {Ready?\\};
% Descriptions
\node [above = 0.1em of calibration] (cal) {Calibration};
\node [above = 0.1em of point] (fix) {Fixation};
\node [above = 0.1em of sentence] (sen) {Sentence};
\node [above = -0.1em of question] (que) {Question};
\node [above = 0.1em of next] (nex) {Continue};

% Arrows
%% Straight
\draw [arrow, shorten >= 2pt] (calibration) to (point);
%% Bendy below
\draw [arrow, shorten >= 2pt] (point.south) to [bend right=20] node[midway,below] {$\leq$10s} (sentence.south);
\draw [arrow, shorten >= 2pt] (sentence.south) to [bend right=20] node[midway,below] {$\leq$20s} (question.south);
\draw [arrow, shorten >= 2pt] (sentence.south) to [bend right=48] node[midway,above] {$\leq$20s} (next.south);
\draw [arrow, shorten >= 2pt] (question.south) to [bend right=20] (next.south);
\draw [arrow, rounded corners=9, shorten >= 2pt] (next.east) -- ++(0.3,0) -- ++(0,-2.4) -|  (point.south);
%% Bendy above
\draw [arrow, dashed, shorten >= 2pt] (fix.north) to [bend right=20] node[midway,above] {>10s} (cal.north);
\draw [arrow, dashed] (sen.north) to [bend left=10] node[midway,above] {>20s} (nex.north);
\draw [arrow, dashed, rounded corners=9] (nex.north) -- ++(0,0.8) -| (cal.north);

% Trial marking
\begin{scope}[on background layer]
\draw[draw=none, rounded corners=9pt,fill=gray!15] ($(point.north west)+(-0.1,0.5)$)  rectangle ($(next.south east)+(0.4,-1.45)$);
\node [below = 2.8em of calibration, xshift=2.7em] (trial) {Trial};
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

Git workflow

\documentclass[tikz]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{fontawesome}
\usetikzlibrary{positioning, arrows.meta}

\definecolor{fancypink}{RGB}{255,102,178}
\definecolor{darkpurple}{RGB}{102,0,204}
\definecolor{fancypurple}{RGB}{153,51,255}

\tikzset{block/.style={rectangle, rounded corners=10, draw=none, minimum height=8em, minimum width = 4em, align=center, font=\large\bfseries\sffamily, text=white, opacity=1}}
\tikzset{annotation/.style={align=center, text width = 8 em, font=\small}}

\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[node distance = 1.5em, arrow/.style = {thick,-stealth}]
\node [block, fill=fancypink!15, minimum width = 23em, minimum height=14em] (LOC) at (0,0) {}; % Local
\node [block, fill=orange!15, right = 0.5em of LOC, minimum height=14em, minimum width = 8em] (REM) {}; % Remote

\node [annotation, above = 1em of LOC, font=\Large\bfseries\sffamily] {\textcolor{fancypink!65}{Local}};
\node [annotation, above = 1em of REM, font=\Large\bfseries\sffamily] {\textcolor{orange!65}{Remote}};

\node [block, fill=fancypink!65] (ORI) at (-3,0) {\faFolder{} \faFileText \\ \\};
\node [block, right = of ORI, fill=fancypink!65] (CHA) {\faFolder{} \faFileTextO\\ \faFilePhotoO{} \faFilePdfO \\\faFileExcelO{} \faFileCodeO};
\node [annotation, above = 0.5em of ORI, font=\normalsize\bfseries\sffamily] {\textcolor{fancypink!65}{Original}};
\node [annotation, above = 0.5em of CHA, font=\normalsize\bfseries\sffamily] {\textcolor{fancypink!65}{Changes}};
\node at (-2,0) (MID){};
\draw [->, line width=3pt, draw=fancypink!65] (ORI.east) -- (CHA.west);
\node [annotation, below = 3.75em of MID, font=\normalsize] {\textcolor{fancypink!65}{\texttt{work, work, \ldots}}};

\node [block, right = of CHA, fill=darkpurple!65] (STA) {\faFolder{} \faFileTextO\\ \faFilePhotoO{} \faFilePdfO \\\faFileExcelO{} \faFileCodeO};
\node [annotation, above = 0.5em of STA, font=\normalsize\bfseries\sffamily] {\textcolor{darkpurple!65}{Stage}};
\draw [->, line width=3pt, draw=fancypink!65] (CHA.east) -- (STA.west);
\node [annotation, below = 0em of STA, font=\normalsize] {\textcolor{darkpurple!65}{\texttt{git add}}};

\node [block, right = of STA, fill=fancypurple!65] (COM) {\faFolder{} \faFileTextO\\ \faFilePhotoO{} \faFilePdfO \\\faFileExcelO{} \faFileCodeO};
\node [annotation, above = 0.5em of COM, font=\normalsize\bfseries\sffamily] {\textcolor{fancypurple!65}{Local repo}};
\draw [->, line width=3pt, draw=darkpurple!65] (STA.east) -- (COM.west);
\node [annotation, below = 0em of COM, font=\normalsize] {\textcolor{fancypurple!65}{\texttt{git commit}}};

\node [block, right = 4em of COM, fill=orange!65] (PUS) {\faFolder{} \faFileTextO\\ \faFilePhotoO{} \faFilePdfO \\\faFileExcelO{} \faFileCodeO};
\node [annotation, above = 0.5em of PUS, font=\normalsize\bfseries\sffamily] {\textcolor{orange!65}{Remote repo}};
\draw [->, line width=3pt, draw=fancypurple!65, transform canvas={yshift=1em}] (COM.east) -- (PUS.west);
\draw [->, line width=3pt, draw=orange!65, transform canvas={yshift=-1em}] (PUS.west) -- (COM.east);
\node [annotation, below = 0em of PUS, font=\normalsize] {\textcolor{fancypurple}{\texttt{git push}}\\\textcolor{orange!85}{\texttt{git pull}}};

\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

Tree structure

\documentclass[tikz]{standalone}
\usepackage{circuitikz}
\usetikzlibrary{decorations.pathmorphing}

\definecolor{fancypink}{RGB}{255,102,178}
\definecolor{darkpurple}{RGB}{102,0,204}
\definecolor{fancypurple}{RGB}{153,51,255}
\definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,153,51}

\begin{document}
\begin{circuitikz}
\tikzstyle{every node}=[font=\LARGE]
\draw [ color=darkpurple, line width=6, short] (0,-.5) .. controls (0,-2) and (1.5, -2) .. (1.5, -2);
\draw [ color=orange, line width=6, short] (2,-2.5) .. controls (2,-6) and (2.5, -6) .. (3.5, -6);

\draw [ color=fancypink, line width=6, short] (4,-2.5) .. controls (4,-4) and (4.5, -4) .. (5.5, -4);
\draw [ color=fancypink, line width=6, short] (8,-2.5) .. controls (8,-4) and (7.5, -4) .. (6.5, -4);

\draw [ color=white , fill=fancypurple] (-4, -0.5) rectangle  node {MAIN} (-1, 0.5);
\draw [color=fancypurple, line width=6, short] (0.5, 0) -- (1.5, 0);
\draw [color=fancypurple, line width=6, short] (2.5, 0) -- (3.5, 0);
\draw [color=fancypurple, line width=6, short] (4.5, 0) -- (5.5, 0);
\draw [color=fancypurple, line width=6, short] (6.5, 0) -- (7.5, 0);
\draw [color=fancypurple, line width=6, short] (8.5, 0) -- (9.5, 0);
\draw [dashed, color=fancypurple, line width=6] (10.75, 0) -- (11.5, 0);
\draw [color=fancypurple, line width=3]     (0,0) circle (0.5cm);
\draw [fill=fancypurple, color=fancypurple]  (0,0) circle (0.25cm);
\draw [color=fancypurple, line width=3]     (2,0) circle (0.5cm);
\draw [fill=fancypurple, color=fancypurple]  (2,0) circle (0.25cm);
\draw [color=fancypurple, line width=3]     (4,0) circle (0.5cm);
\draw [fill=fancypurple, color=fancypurple]  (4,0) circle (0.25cm);
\draw [color=fancypurple, line width=3]     (6,0) circle (0.5cm);
\draw [fill=fancypurple, color=fancypurple]  (6,0) circle (0.25cm);
\draw [color=fancypurple, line width=3]     (8,0) circle (0.5cm);
\draw [fill=fancypurple, color=fancypurple]  (8,0) circle (0.25cm);
\draw [color=fancypurple, line width=3]     (10,0) circle (0.5cm);
\draw [fill=fancypurple, color=fancypurple]  (10,0) circle (0.25cm);

\draw [ color=white , fill=darkpurple] (-4, -1.5) rectangle  node {DEVELOP} (-1, -2.5);
\draw [color=darkpurple, line width=6, short] (2.5, -2) -- (3.5, -2);
\draw [color=darkpurple, line width=6, short] (4.5, -2) -- (5.5, -2);
\draw [color=darkpurple, line width=6, short] (6.5, -2) -- (7.5, -2);
\draw [color=darkpurple, line width=6, short] (8.5, -2) -- (9.5, -2);
\draw [dashed, color=darkpurple, line width=6] (10.75, -2) -- (11.5, -2);
\draw [color=darkpurple, line width=3]     (2,-2) circle (0.5cm);
\draw [fill=darkpurple, color=darkpurple]  (2,-2) circle (0.25cm);
\draw [color=darkpurple, line width=3]     (4,-2) circle (0.5cm);
\draw [fill=darkpurple, color=darkpurple]  (4,-2) circle (0.25cm);
\draw [color=darkpurple, line width=3]     (6,-2) circle (0.5cm);
\draw [fill=darkpurple, color=darkpurple]  (6,-2) circle (0.25cm);
\draw [color=darkpurple, line width=3]     (8,-2) circle (0.5cm);
\draw [fill=darkpurple, color=darkpurple]  (8,-2) circle (0.25cm);
\draw [color=darkpurple, line width=3]     (10,-2) circle (0.5cm);
\draw [fill=darkpurple, color=darkpurple]  (10,-2) circle (0.25cm);
\draw [color=fancypink, line width=3]     (6,-4) circle (0.5cm);
\draw [fill=fancypink, color=fancypink]  (6,-4) circle (0.25cm);

\draw [ color=white , fill=fancypink] (-4, -4.5) rectangle  node {FEATURE} (-1, -3.5);


\draw [color=orange, line width=3]     (4,-6) circle (0.5cm);
\draw [fill=orange, color=orange]  (4,-6) circle (0.25cm);
\draw [color=orange, line width=3]     (6,-6) circle (0.5cm);
\draw [fill=orange, color=orange]  (6,-6) circle (0.25cm);
\draw [color=orange, line width=3]     (8,-6) circle (0.5cm);
\draw [fill=orange, color=orange]  (8,-6) circle (0.25cm);
\draw [color=orange, line width=3]     (10,-6) circle (0.5cm);
\draw [fill=orange, color=orange]  (10,-6) circle (0.25cm);


\draw [ color=white , fill=orange] (-4, -6.5) rectangle  node {FEATURE} (-1, -5.5);
\draw [color=orange, line width=6, short] (4.5, -6) -- (5.5, -6);
\draw [color=orange, line width=6, short] (6.5, -6) -- (7.5, -6);
\draw [color=orange, line width=6, short] (8.5, -6) -- (9.5, -6);
\draw [dashed, color=orange, line width=6] (10.75, -6) -- (11.5, -6);
\end{circuitikz}
\end{document}

Aspectual transition network

Adapted from Moens and Steedman (1988) and Steedman (2011).

\documentclass[tikz]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta, positioning, decorations.text, calc}

\tikzset{block/.style={rectangle, draw, fill=white, minimum height = 2em, text centered}}

\def\belowarrow#1{\raisebox{-2.5ex}}
\def\abovearrow#1{\raisebox{1ex}}

\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[node distance = 10em, auto] 

% Grid
\draw[black, thick] (-2.5, 3.8) -- (10.3,3.8); % top
\draw[black, thick] (-2.5, -6.4) -- (-2.5, 3.8); % left
\draw[black, thick] (-2.5, -6.4) -- (10.3, -6.4); % bottom
\draw[black, thick] (10.3, -6.4) -- (10.3, 3.8); %right
\draw[black, thick] (6.5, -4) -- (6.5, 3.8);% middle top
\draw[black, thick] (6.5, -6.4) -- (6.5, -4.7);% middle bottom
\draw[black, ultra thin] (-1.8, -6.4) -- (-1.8, 3.1);
\draw[black, ultra thin] (-1.8, 3.1) -- (6.5, 3.1);
\draw[gray, dashed, ultra thin] (-1.8,-1.8) -- (6.5,-1.8);
\draw[gray, dashed, ultra thin] (1.85, -6.4) -- (1.85, 3.1);

% Events
\node [block] (ach) {ACHIEVEMENT};
\node [block, below of = ach] (poi) {SEMELFACTIVE};
\node [block, right = 2em of ach] (acc) {ACCOMPLISHMENT};
\node [block, below of = acc] (act) {ACTIVITY};

\node [above = 8em of ach] (-co) {$-$composite};
\node [above = 8em of acc] (+co) {$+$composite};
\node [above right=0.5em and -0.5em of -co] (eve) {EVENTS};

\node [rotate=90, above left = 1em and 1.2em of ach] (+te) {$+$telic};
\node [rotate=90, left of = +te] (-te) {$-$telic};

% States
\node [block, right =3.4em of acc] (con) {CONSEQUENT};
\node [block, above = 3.6em of con] (lex) {LEXICAL};
\node [above = 4.4em of lex] (sta) {STATES};

\node [block, below of = con] (pro) {PROGRESSIVE};
\node [block, below = 3.6em of pro] (hab) {HABITUAL};

% Arrows
\draw[->, postaction={decorate,decoration={text along path,text align=center,text={|\scriptsize\abovearrow |-consequent state}}}] (ach) to [bend left=25] (poi);
\draw[->, postaction={decorate,decoration={text along path,text align=center,text={|\scriptsize\abovearrow |+consequent state}}}] (poi) to [bend left=25]  (ach);
\draw[->, postaction={decorate,decoration={text along path,text align=center,text={|\scriptsize\abovearrow |+activity}}}] (ach) to [bend left=35] (acc);
\draw[->, postaction={decorate,decoration={text along path,text align=center,text={|\scriptsize\belowarrow |iterate}}}] (poi) to [bend right=35] (act);
\draw[->] (act) to [bend right=35] (poi);
\draw[->, postaction={decorate,decoration={text along path,text align=center,text={|\scriptsize\abovearrow |-achievement}}}] (acc) to [bend left=25] (act);
\draw[->, postaction={decorate,decoration={text along path,text align=center,text={|\scriptsize\it\belowarrow |in progressive}}}] (acc) to [bend left=25] (act);
\draw[->, postaction={decorate,decoration={text along path,text align=center,text={|\scriptsize\abovearrow |+achievement}}}] (act) to [bend left=25] (acc);
\draw[->] (acc) to (poi);
\draw[->, postaction={decorate,decoration={text along path,text align=center,text={|\scriptsize\abovearrow |consequent state}}}] (ach) to [bend left=50] (con);
\draw[->, postaction={decorate,decoration={text along path,text align=center,text={|\scriptsize\it\belowarrow |in perfect}}}] (ach) to [bend left=50] (con);
\draw[->, postaction={decorate,decoration={text along path,text align=center,text={|\scriptsize\belowarrow |progressive state}}}] (act) to [bend right=30] (pro);
\draw[->, postaction={decorate,decoration={text along path,text align=center,text={|\scriptsize\it \abovearrow |in progressive}}}] (act) to [bend right=30] (pro);
\draw[->, postaction={decorate,decoration={text along path,text align=center,text={|\scriptsize\belowarrow |iterate}}}] (poi) to [bend right=27] (hab);

\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

Coercion framework

The coercion framework adapted from Dölling (2014). Arrows indicate the shifting direction in cases where bidirectional coercion is possible.

 \documentclass[tikz]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz, tikz-qtree}
\usetikzlibrary{trees, arrows.meta, positioning, shapes, decorations.pathreplacing, calc}

\tikzset{description/.style={font=\slshape\scriptsize}}

\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[node distance = 10em, auto, arrow/.style = {dashed,-stealth}] 

% Tree
\Tree [.\node(eventuality){eventuality}; 
	  [.\node(point){point}; 
	  [.\node(boundary){boundary}; ]
	  [.\node(moment){moment}; ] ]
	  [.\node(happening){happening}; 
	  [.\node(state){state}; \node(habitual state){habitual state}; \node(episodic state){episodic state}; ]
	  [.\node(occurrence){occurrence}; 
	  [.\node(process){process} ;]
	  [.\node(event){event}; 
	  \node(episode){episode}; 
	  \node(change){change}; ] ] ] ] 

% Arrows (coercions)
\draw [<->, dotted, rounded corners=4, shorten >=.4em] (habitual state) -- ++(0,-0.8) -| (occurrence);
\draw [<->, dotted, rounded corners=4, shorten <=.4em] (event) -- ++(0,-2.3) -|  (process);

\draw [->, dotted, rounded corners=4, shorten >=.4em] (boundary.west) --++ (-0.1,0) -- ++(0,3.3)-| (event.north);
\draw [->, dotted, rounded corners=4, shorten <=.4em, shorten >=.4em] (occurrence) -- ++(0,2.5) -| (boundary);
\draw [->, dotted, rounded corners=4] (moment) -- ++(0,-2.6) -| (episode);
\draw [->, dotted, rounded corners=4, shorten <=.4em] (state) -- ++(0,-4.4) -| (change);
\draw [->, dotted, rounded corners=4, shorten >=.4em] (occurrence.west) -- ++(-1,0) -| (episodic state.north);

% Annotations
\node [description, below = 7.5em of occurrence] (completive) {completive $\rightarrow$};
\node [description, below = 0em of completive] (iterative) {$\leftarrow$ iterative};
\node [description, below = -0.4em of iterative] (subtractive) {$\leftarrow$ subtractive};
\node [description, below = 0em of episodic state] (agentive) {agentive $\rightarrow$};
\node [description, below = 0em of agentive] (habitual) {$\leftarrow$ habitual};
\node [description, below = 6em of habitual] (ingressive) {ingressive};
\node [description, below = 3.7em of habitual state] (stretching) {stretching};
\node [description, above = 3.3em of point] (inchoative) {inchoative};
\node [description, above = 8.8em of occurrence] (additive) {additive};
\node [description, below = 1em of happening] (prog) {\textsc{prog}};

\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

Ontology of kinds, objects, and stages (Carlson, 1977)

Carlson GN (1977). Reference to Kinds in English. Ph.D. thesis, University of California.

\documentclass[class=article]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz-qtree}

\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[level distance=1.5cm,
  level 1/.style={sibling distance=5cm},
  level 2/.style={sibling distance=0.7cm}]
  \node (a) {K}
  child {node {O}
  child {node (b) {S}}
  child {node (c) {S}}
  child {node (d) {S}}
  child {node (e) {S}}
  }
  child {node {O}
  child {node (f) {S}}
  child {node (g) {S}}
  child {node (h) {S}}
  child {node (i) {S}}
  };
\path (d) -- (e) node [midway] {\ldots};
\path (f) -- (g) node [midway] {\ldots};
\path[every node/.style={font=\sffamily\small}]
(a.south) edge node  {} (b.north)
(a.south) edge node  {} (c.north)
(a.south) edge node  {} (d.north)
(a.south) edge node  {} (e.north)
(a.south) edge node  {} (f.north)
(a.south) edge node  {} (g.north)
(a.south) edge node  {} (h.north)
(a.south) edge node  {} (i.north);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

Raising and control Infl (Diesing, 1992)

Diesing M (1992). Indefinites. MIT press.

\documentclass[class=article]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz-qtree}
\usetikzlibrary{calc, backgrounds}

\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tikzset{every tree node/.style={align=center, anchor=north}}
\Tree [.\node(ip){IP};  
  [.{Spec} \edge[roof]; \node(subj){Sophia}; ]
  [.\node(ibar){I$'$}; 
  [.\node(i){I}; \node(aux){is};]
  [.\node(vp){VP}; 
  [.\node(specvp){Spec}; \node(subj-t){PRO}; ]
  [.V$’$ \node(v){V };
  [.AP \edge[roof]; \node(adj){insane}; ]]]]]]]
\begin{scope}[on background layer]
\draw[thick, rounded corners=8pt,fill=white] ($(subj.north west)+(-0.2,2.1)$)  rectangle ($(vp.south east)+(-0.38,-1.1)$); 
\node[yshift=-1em, xshift=-1.8em, text width=2cm] at (current bounding box.north east) {restrictive clause};
\draw[thick, rounded corners=8pt,fill=white] ($(specvp.north west)+(0,1)$)  rectangle ($(adj.south east)+(0.2,0)$);
\node[yshift=1.3em, xshift=5.2em,text width=2cm] at (current bounding box.south west) {nuclear scope};
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
~
\begin{tikzpicture}
\Tree [.\node(ip){IP}; 
  [.Spec \edge[roof]; \node(subj){Sophia$_i$}; ]
  [.\node(ibar){I$'$}; 
  [.\node(i){I}; \node(aux){is};]
  [.\node(vp){VP}; 
  [.\node(specvp){Spec}; \node(subj-t){t$_i$} ;]
  [.\node(vbar){V$'$}; \node(v){V}; 
  [.AP \edge[roof]; \node(adj){friendly};] ] ] ] ] 
\draw[dashed, <->] (subj-t) [in=-90, out=-90, bend left=45]  to (subj);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

Copular small clause

A tree diagram of the elements of a copular clause.

\documentclass[class=article]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz-qtree}
\usetikzlibrary{calc, backgrounds}

\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\Tree [.\node(ip){IP}; 
  [.Spec \edge[roof]; \node(subj){Sophia$_i$}; ]
  [.\node(ibar){I$'$}; 
  [.\node(i){I}; \node(aux){is};]
  [.\node(vp){VP}; 
  [.\node(specvp){Spec}; \node(subj-t){t$_i$} ;]
  [.\node(vbar){V$'$}; \node(v){V}; 
  [.AP \edge[roof]; \node(adj){friendly};] ] ] ] ] 

\begin{scope}[on background layer]
\draw[thick, rounded corners=8pt,fill=white] ($(specvp.north west)+(0,1)$)  rectangle ($(adj.south east)+(0.2,0)$);
\node[yshift=1.3em, xshift=3.8em,text width=2cm] at (current bounding box.south east) {small clause};
\end{scope}
\draw[dashed, ->] (subj-t) [in=-90, out=-90, bend left=45]  to (subj);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}